At the end of the twelfth century the Church in France was ravaged by the Albigensian heresy, a doctrine that was entirely unchristian and constituted a social evil. Effective measures were required to combat it. Where others had failed, a Spanish canon, Dominic Guzman, succeeded. He was notable for his learning and love of poverty and the Order of Friars Preachers, founded by him about the year 1215, was endowed with these two characteristics. Instead of manual labor as practiced by the Cistercian monks, he required his friars to work with their minds by preaching and teaching. He died at Bologna on August 6, 1221. His friend, Gregory IX, canonized him three years later.